Saving and scraping a website with Puppeteer
For some of my performance audits I need an exact copy of the webpage as it is served by my clients infrastructure. In some cases, it can be hard to get to the actual artefact. So it’s easier to fetch it from the web.
I found it particularly hard to save a website like it’s delivered with some of the tools around. curl and wget have troubles when dealing with an SPA. Parsed JavaScript fetches new resources. And you need a browser context to record every request and response.
That’s why I decided to use a headless Chrome instance with puppeteer to store an exact copy. Let’s see how this works!
Environment #
I’m using Node v9 and only need a couple of extra packages. puppeteer, in version 1.1.0. I’m also using fs-extra in version 5.0. It features a couple of nice shortcuts if you want to create folders and files in a single line.
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer'); // v 1.1.0
const { URL } = require('url');
const fse = require('fs-extra'); // v 5.0.0
const path = require('path');And that’s it! The url and path packages are from core. I need both to extract filenames and create a proper path to store the files on my disk.
Scraping the website #
Here’s the full code for scraping and saving a website. Let it sink in for a bit, I’ll explain each point afterwards in detail.
async function start(urlToFetch) {
/* 1 */
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();
/* 2 */
page.on('response', async (response) => {
const url = new URL(response.url());
let filePath = path.resolve(`./output${url.pathname}`);
if (path.extname(url.pathname).trim() === '') {
filePath = `${filePath}/index.html`;
}
await fse.outputFile(filePath, await response.buffer());
});
/* 3 */
await page.goto(urlToFetch, {
waitUntil: 'networkidle2'
});
/* 4 */
setTimeout(async () => {
await browser.close();
}, 60000 * 4);
}
start('https://oida.dev');Let’s dive into the code.
1. Creating a browser context #
First thing we have to do: Starting the browser!
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const page = await browser.newPage();puppeteer.launch() creates a new browser context. It’s like starting up your browser from the dock or toolbar. It starts a headless Chromium instance, but you can point to a Chrome/Chromium browser on your machine as well.
Once the browser started, we open up a new tab with browser.newPage. And we are ready!
2. Record all responses #
Before we navigate to the URL we want to scrape, we need to tell puppeteer what to do with all the responses in our browser tab. Puppeteer has an event interface for that.
page.on('response', async (response) => {
const url = new URL(response.url());
let filePath = path.resolve(`./output${url.pathname}`);
if (path.extname(url.pathname).trim() === '') {
filePath = `${filePath}/index.html`;
}
await fse.outputFile(filePath, await response.buffer());
});With every response in our page context, we execute a callback. This callback accesses a couple of properties to store an exact copy of the file on our hard disk.
- The
URLclass from theurlpackage helps us accessing parts of the response’s URL. We take thepathnameproperty to get the URL without the host name, and create a path on our local disk with thepath.resolvemethod. - If the URL has no extension name specified, we transform the file into a directory and add an
index.htmlfile. This is how static site generators create pretty URLs for servers where you can’t access routing directly. Works for us as well. - The
response.buffer()contains all the content from the response, in the right format. We store it as text, as image, as font, whatever is needed.
It’s important that this response handler is defined before navigating to a URL. But navigating is our next step.
3. Navigate to the URL #
The page.goto method is the right tool to start navigation.
await page.goto(urlToFetch, {
waitUntil: 'networkidle2'
});Pretty straightforward, but notice that I passed a configuration object where I ask for which event to wait. I set it to networkidle2, which means that there haven’t been more than 2 open network connections in the last 500ms. Other options are networkidle0, or the events load and domcontentloaded. The last events mirror the navigation events in the browser. Since some SPAs start executing after load, I rather want to listen to network connections.
After this event, the async function call resolves and we go back to our synchronous flow.
4. Wait a bit #
setTimeout(async () => {
await browser.close();
}, 60000 * 4);To end execution and clean things up, we need to close the browser window with browser.close(). In that particular case I wait for 4 minutes. The reason is that this particular SPA that I crawled has some delayed fetching I wasn’t able to record with networkidle events. The response handler is still active. So all responses are recorded.
Bottom line #
And that’s all I needed for getting a copy of my client’s web application. Having a real browser context was a great help. puppeteer however is much more powerful. Look at their API and Readme to see some examples and get some ideas!